<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title>Economics | Department of Economics | IP Paris | Page 4</title>
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/xmlrpc.php">


<!-- Mobile Specific Metas 
================================================== -->	
	  		
	<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no' />


<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
            <script type="text/javascript"> var epic_news_ajax_url = 'https://econ.ip-paris.fr/?epic-ajax-request=epic-ne'; </script>
            <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.w.org' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Economics | IP Paris &raquo; Feed" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Economics | IP Paris &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Department of Economics | IP Paris &raquo; iCal Feed" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/events/?ical=1" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Economics | IP Paris &raquo; Economics Category Feed" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/category/economics/feed/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/econ.ip-paris.fr\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode,e=(p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0),i.toDataURL());return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(!p||!p.fillText)return!1;switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([129777,127995,8205,129778,127999],[129777,127995,8203,129778,127999])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(e=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(c(e.twemoji),c(e.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
	display: inline !important;
	border: none !important;
	box-shadow: none !important;
	height: 1em !important;
	width: 1em !important;
	margin: 0 0.07em !important;
	vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
	background: none !important;
	padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
	<link rel='stylesheet' id='papercite_css-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/papercite/papercite.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-common-skeleton-style-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-tooltip-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ajaxy-sf-common-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ajaxy-search-form/themes/common.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ajaxy-sf-selective-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ajaxy-search-form/themes/selective.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ajaxy-sf-theme-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ajaxy-search-form/themes/default/style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ctf_styles-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/custom-twitter-feeds/css/ctf-styles.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mythology-style-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='foundation-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-1-foundation.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='skeleton-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-2-skeleton.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='structure-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-3-structure.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='superfish-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-4-superfish.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ajaxy-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-5-ajaxy.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='comments-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-6-comments.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='plugins-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-7-plugins.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='media-queries-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/mythology-core/core-assets/stylesheets/core-8-media-queries.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-structure-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-1-structure.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mobile-menu-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-2-mobile-menu.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-typography-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-3-typography.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-plugins-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-4-plugins.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-media-queries-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-5-media-queries.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-colors-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-6-colors.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='Theme-Custom-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-7-custom.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='Theme-Hover-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-8-hover.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='Theme-Scroll-Dropdown-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/stylesheets/theme-9-scroll-dropdown.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prettyPhoto-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/javascripts/prettyPhoto/css/prettyPhoto.css' type='text/css' media='' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='vc_extend_style-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/vc_extend/vc_extend.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='epic-icon-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/epic-news-element/assets/fonts/jegicon/jegicon.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/epic-news-element/assets/fonts/font-awesome/font-awesome.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='epic-style-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/epic-news-element/assets/css/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_fonticons_ii-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-fonticons-ii.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_fonticons_fa-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-fonticons-fa.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='select2-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/select2/select2.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_crop-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-crop.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_modal-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-modal.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_styles-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-styles.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_profile-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-profile.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_account-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-account.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_misc-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-misc.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_fileupload-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-fileupload.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_datetime-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/pickadate/default.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_datetime_date-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/pickadate/default.date.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_datetime_time-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/pickadate/default.time.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_raty-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-raty.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_scrollbar-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/simplebar.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_tipsy-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-tipsy.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_responsive-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-responsive.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='um_default_css-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-old-default.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wppb_stylesheet-css'  href='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/profile-builder-pro/assets/css/style-front-end.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type="text/javascript">var tern_wp_root = "https://econ.ip-paris.fr";</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/papercite/js/papercite.js' id='papercite-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-gdpr.min.js' id='um-gdpr-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/7" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" /> 
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.0.1" />
		<!-- AJAXY SEARCH V 3.0.7-->
				<script type="text/javascript">
			/* <![CDATA[ */
				var sf_position = '0';
				var sf_templates = "<a href=\"{search_url_escaped}\"><span class=\"sf_text\">See more results for \"{search_value}\"<\/span><span class=\"sf_small\">Displaying top {total} results<\/span><\/a>";
				var sf_input = '.sf_input';
				jQuery(document).ready(function(){
					jQuery(sf_input).ajaxyLiveSearch({"expand":false,"searchUrl":"https:\/\/econ.ip-paris.fr\/?s=%s","text":"Search","delay":500,"iwidth":180,"width":315,"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/econ.ip-paris.fr\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","rtl":0});
					jQuery(".sf_ajaxy-selective-input").keyup(function() {
						var width = jQuery(this).val().length * 8;
						if(width < 50) {
							width = 50;
						}
						jQuery(this).width(width);
					});
					jQuery(".sf_ajaxy-selective-search").click(function() {
						jQuery(this).find(".sf_ajaxy-selective-input").focus();
					});
					jQuery(".sf_ajaxy-selective-close").click(function() {
						jQuery(this).parent().remove();
					});
				});
			/* ]]> */
		</script>
				<style type="text/css">
			.um_request_name {
				display: none !important;
			}
		</style>
	<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://econ.ip-paris.fr"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/favicon-16x16.png">
<link rel="manifest" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/site.webmanifest">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/favicon.ico">
<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">
<meta name="msapplication-config" content="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/browserconfig.xml">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><style type="text/css">

/** 
*
* WHAT THIS FILE DOES:;
* 1. Define default values for customizable elements.
* 2. Grab the user-created values (or the defaults) from OptionTree and assign them to CSS selectors.
*
* Note to theme-developers: Make sure you're not setting any of these values in your theme stylesheets. That just makes for extra work...
*
**/

/* Run NiceScroll CSS based on user OPTIONS - Also see Run Scripts at the bottom of this document */

	#course-list {display: none;}
	#course-list .course-credits {display: none;}
	#course-list .course-prerequisites {display: none;}

	

	/*  - THEME PRIMARY COLOR -  */	
	.theme_primary_color_text,
	.th_show_hide.th_flag_toggle:hover,
	h2.entry-title > a:hover,
	a, 
	a:visited,
	#page .tagcloud a,
	#page .vc_tta.vc_general .vc_tta-panel-title > a,
	.vc_tta-tabs .vc_grid h5 a,
	#page nav ul.menu .sub-menu li.menu-item a:hover,
	#page nav ul.menu .sub-menu li.menu-item > a,
	#page #section-navigation #site-navigation ul.mega-sub-menu li.mega-menu-item a,
	button, .button, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"],
	#page table tr td > a {	
		color: #144563; 
	}

	/*  - THEME SECONDARY COLORS -  */
	#page a:hover,
	.duration, .tribe-event-duration,
	.author-description > h3,	
	.flag_toggle .icon > i:hover,
	#page #section-tophat-dropdown a:hover,
	#section-tophat .th_flag_toggle:hover .th_trigger i,
	#section-tophat .th_flag_toggle:hover .th_trigger.blurb,
	#section-tophat .menu-item-title:hover,
	#page #section-tophat a:hover, 
	#page .vc_tta.vc_general .vc_tta-panel-title:hover > a {
		color: #c6c6c6; 
	}

	#page .vc_btn_outlined:hover,
	.nav-next:hover, .nav-previous:hover,
	#section-content .tribe-events-widget-link:hover, 
	#section-content .tribe-events-widget-link:hover a,
	#page .add_to_cart_button:hover {
    border-color: #c6c6c6 !important;
    background-color: #c6c6c6 !important;
    color: white !important;
	}

	/*  - THEME SECONDARY BG-COLORS -  */
	#section-header nav ul.menu ul li:hover, 
	#section-header nav ul.menu ul li.sfHover,
	#section-header nav ul.menu ul li:hover > a, 
	#section-header nav ul.menu ul li.sfHover > a,
	#page #section-navigation .mega-menu-flyout .mega-sub-menu li.mega-menu-item:hover,
	#page #section-navigation .mega-menu-flyout .mega-sub-menu li.mega-menu-item:hover > a,
	#page #section-sticky-header .mega-menu-flyout .mega-sub-menu li.mega-menu-item:hover,
	#page #section-sticky-header .mega-menu-flyout .mega-sub-menu li.mega-menu-item:hover > a,
	.wpb_tabs_nav li.ui-state-default a,
	#page .vc_tta-tabs-list li.vc_tta-tab > a,
	.course-meta .status.in-progress,
	.meter.red > span, 
	#page .tagcloud a:hover,
	.sensei .nav-next a:hover, .sensei .nav-prev a:hover, 
	#page .lesson input:hover {
		background-color: #c6c6c6; 
		color: white !important;
	}

	
	#page .button.wc-forward, 
	.highlight-row, 
	.ui-accordion-header-active a,
	.theme_primary_color_bg,
	.ui-state-active .ui-tabs-anchor,
	.wpb_content_element .wpb_tabs_nav li:hover a,
	#page .vc_tta-tabs-list li.vc_tta-tab:hover > a,
	#page .vc_tta-tabs-list li.vc_tta-tab.vc_active > a,
	#page .button,
	#page .tagcloud a,
	.wpb_tabs_nav li.ui-state-active a,
	.vc_tta-accordion .vc_tta-panels .vc_active .vc_tta-panel-title a,
	#my-courses.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav li.ui-state-active a, 
	#page a.my-messages-link:hover, 
    #page .ui-state-active a.ui-tabs-anchor:hover, 
    #page #my-courses.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav li a:hover,
    .lesson input[type="submit"], 
    .course input[type="submit"] {
		background-color: #144563; 
		color: white !important;
	}


	/* - !IMPORTANT OVERRIDES */	
	.woocommerce span.onsale, 
	.woocommerce-page span.onsale, 
	.button.add_to_cart_button.product_type_simple, 
	#page .woocommerce .form-row input.button {
	  background: #144563 !important;
	  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #144563 !important;
	}
	.woocommerce a.button, 
	.woocommerce button.button .woocommerce input.button, 
	.woocommerce #respond input#submit, 
	.woocommerce #content input.button, 
	.woocommerce-page a.button, 
	.woocommerce-page button.button, 
	.woocommerce-page input.button, 
	.woocommerce-page #respond input#submit, 
	.woocommerce-page #content input.button {
		background: -moz-linear-gradient(center top , #FFF -100%, #144563 100%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;
		border-color: #144563 !important;
		text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
		}
	.woocommerce a.button:hover, 
	.woocommerce button.button .woocommerce input.button:hover, 
	.woocommerce #respond input#submit:hover, 
	.woocommerce #content input.button:hover, 
	.woocommerce-page a.button:hover, 
	.woocommerce-page button.button:hover, 
	.woocommerce-page input.button:hover, 
	.woocommerce-page #respond input#submit:hover, 
	.woocommerce-page #content input.button:hover, 
	#page .woocommerce .form-row input.button:hover {
		background: -moz-linear-gradient(center top , #FFF -100%, #c6c6c6 100%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;
		border-color: #c6c6c6 !important;
		}
	.woocommerce ul.products li.product .price, 
	.woocommerce-page ul.products li.product .price, 
	.woocommerce div.product span.price, 
	.woocommerce div.product p.price, 
	.woocommerce #content div.product span.price, 
	.woocommerce #content div.product p.price, 
	.woocommerce-page div.product span.price, 
	.woocommerce-page div.product p.price, 
	.woocommerce-page #content div.product span.price, 
	.woocommerce-page #content div.product p.price {
		color: #c6c6c6 !important;
	}

	/* STRIPE BACKGROUND COLOR & OPACITY */

	#page #section-super-header, #page #section-tophat{background: transparent; position: relative; z-index: 9999;}	
	#page #section-header{width: 100%;}

	#page #section-header .container,
	#page #section-tophat .container{z-index: 3;}

	#section-tophat .stripe_color{
		position:absolute;
		top:0px;
		width:100%;
		height:100%;
		background-color: #011a29; 
		z-index: 2;
		}

	#section-header .stripe_color{
		position:absolute;
		top:0px;
		width:100%;
		height:100%;
		background-color: #001a32; 
		opacity:0.8;
		z-index: 2;
		}

	/*  - THEME SECONDARY BG-COLORS -  */
	#sf_results #sf_val ul li.sf_selected,
	.button:hover,
	.button:active,
	.button:focus,
	input[type="submit"]:hover,
	input[type="submit"]:active,
	input[type="submit"]:focus{
		background-color: #c6c6c6 !important;
	}

	#page #section-super-header nav#site-navigation .mega-menu-wrap .mega-menu > li.mega-menu-item-has-children ul.mega-sub-menu,
	#section-header nav ul.menu > li > .sub-menu li:first-child, 
	#sticky-superfish-menu > ul.menu > li.menu-item > ul.sub-menu > li:first-child {
		border-top-color: #c6c6c6 !important;
	}

	/*  - THEME PRIMARY BG-COLORS OVERRIDES -  */
	#section-footer,
	#page .pptwj-tabs-wrap .tab-links {	
		background-color: #144563; 
	}
	
	#page .pptwj-tabs-wrap .tab-links,
	.th_slidingDiv, 
	.wpb_tabs_nav {
		border-bottom-color: #144563 !important;
	}

	/*  - THEME SECONDARY BG-COLORS OVERRIDES -  */
	.pptwj-tabs-wrap .tab-links li a.selected, 
	.pptwj-tabs-wrap .tab-links li a:hover {
		background-color: #c6c6c6 !important; 
	}

	/* DEFAULT POST-GRID HOVER COLORS */
		.module-content{background: transparent;}
		.module-inner .color_background{ 
			position:absolute;
			top:0px;
			left:0px;
			width:100%;
			height:100%;
			z-index: 1 !important;
			background-color: #144563; 
			opacity:0;
			}
			.module-inner:hover .color_background{
				opacity: 0.9;
				}
	
	/*  - Slider Arrows -  */
	.tp-leftarrow.default {
	  background-color: #144563;
	  background-image: url("https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/images/slider_arrow_left.png") !important;
	  border-radius: 20px;
	}
	.tp-rightarrow.default {
	  background-color: #144563;
	  background-image: url("https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/images/slider_arrow_right.png") !important;
	  border-radius: 20px;
	}


	/* SKIN BUILDER */

	#section-tophat-dropdown{
		background-color: #1f3345;
				}
	#section-tophat .stripe_color{
		background-color: #011a29;
				}
	#section-header .stripe_image{
		position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1;
					background: url("http://crest.science/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/crest_header_back-1.jpg") repeat;
			background-size: cover;
			background-position: 50% 50%;
				}

		    #section-header .stripe_image {
			filter: none !important;
			filter: unset !important;
			-webkit-filter: grayscale(0);
			-moz-filter: grayscale(0%);
			-ms-filter: grayscale(0%);
			-o-filter: grayscale(0%);
		}
	
    #section-header .stripe_color {
    	background-color: #001a32;
		opacity: 0.55;
	}

	#section-sticky-header-background{
		background-color: #011A29;
				}
	#section-header nav ul.menu > li:after, #page #section-navigation ul.mega-menu li.mega-menu-item a:after{
		background-color: #FFFFFF;
		}
	#page #section-super-header nav#site-navigation .mega-menu-wrap .mega-menu > li.mega-menu-item-has-children ul.mega-sub-menu, #section-header nav ul.menu > li > .sub-menu li:first-child{
		border-top-color:  !important;
		}
	#mega-menu-wrap-primary_menu-241 #mega-menu-primary_menu-241 > li.mega-menu-megamenu > ul.mega-sub-menu, #page #section-super-header ul.mega-sub-menu li{
		background-color: #eeeeee;
				}
	html, body, #section-content{
		background-color: #ffffff;
				}
	#section-content .container > .sixteen{
		background-color: #ffffff;
				}
	#section-footer{
		background-color: #e0e0e0;
				}
	#section-sub-footer{
		background-color: #011a29;
				}


/* NEW VISUAL COMPOSER STYLING OPTIONS */


/*  - Layout: Content AD Space -  */
	.content-ad-space {margin-bottom: 2rem;}
	
		#section-header h1.site-title{
			margin-top: 0.5rem !important; 
			}
		
		#section-header h1.site-title{
			margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important; 
			}
		
		#section-header nav ul.menu, #section-header nav ul.mega-menu, #section-header nav .menu > ul {
			padding-top: 0.5rem !important; 
			}
		
		#section-sticky-header h1.site-title{
			margin-top: 0.4rem !important; 
			}
		
		#section-sticky-header h1.site-title{
			margin-bottom: 0.4rem !important; 
			}
		
		#section-sticky-header nav ul.menu{
			padding-top: 0.4rem !important; 
			}
		
		#section-sticky-header nav ul.menu, #section-sticky-header li ul.sub-menu{
			padding-bottom: 0.4rem !important; 
			}
		
		#section-sticky-header, #section-sticky-header-background {
			height: 4rem !important; 
			}
		
		#dynamic-to-top {
		  background-color: transparent !important;
		  border: 2px solid transparent !important;
		  border-radius: 0 !important;
		  bottom: auto !important;
		  box-shadow: none !important;
		  padding: 0 !important;
		  right: 5% !important;
		  top: 13px !important;
		  transition: all 0.5s ease 0s !important;
		}
		.page #dynamic-to-top span {
		  background: url("https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/images/up.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;
		  display: block;
		  height: 10px;
		  overflow: hidden;
		  width: 14px;
		}
		#dynamic-to-top:hover {
		  background-color: transparent !important;
		  background-image: url("") !important;
		  border: 2px solid transparent !important;
		  opacity: 1 !important;
		}
		#dynamic-to-top:hover span {	
			background-image: url("https://econ.ip-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/polytechnic/theme-core/theme-assets/images/up.png") !important;
		}
	/* BODY */
body {font-family: "Hero New",serif;}
h1, h2, h3 {font-family: "Alverata",serif;}

/* LOGO */
#section-header h1.site-title {line-height: 1;}

/* PROFILE PAGE */
hr.title {display: none;}
.post-11198 .entry-title {display: none;}
.um-header.no-cover .um-profile-meta {display: inline-block !important; max-width: 50%; margin-left: 50px; margin-top: 25px !important; text-align: left !important;}
.um-header.no-cover a.um-profile-photo-img, .um-header.no-cover .um-profile-photo { margin-right: 20px !important; width: 120px !important; height: 120px !important; float: left !important;}
.um-header {border-bottom: none !important;}
.um-profile-nav {padding: 0px; background: #F1F1F0;}
.um .um-field-group-head, .picker__box, .picker__nav--prev:hover, .picker__nav--next:hover, .um .um-members-pagi span.current, .um .um-members-pagi span.current:hover, .um .um-profile-nav-item.active a, .um .um-profile-nav-item.active a:hover, .upload, .um-modal-header, .um-modal-btn, .um-modal-btn.disabled, .um-modal-btn.disabled:hover, div.uimob800 .um-account-side li a.current, div.uimob800 .um-account-side li a.current:hover {background: #F1F1F0; border-right: 2px solid #9D9D9D;}
.um-profile-nav-item.active a, .um-profile-nav-item.active a:hover {color: #6A8DAE !important; background-color: white !important;}
.um-profile-nav-item a {color: #9D9D9D !important; border-radius: 0px;}
.um-profile-body .um-col-121 {width: 60%;}
.um-header .um-col-122, .um-profile-body .um-col-122 {width: 30%; background: rgb(64,115,153); background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(64,115,153,1) 0%, rgba(34,135,173,1) 100%); color: white !important; font-size: 12px !important; padding: 10px;}
.um-header .um-col-122 label, .um-header .um-col-122 a, .um-header .um-col-122 i, .um-header .um-col-122 h2, .um-profile-body .um-col-122 label, .um-profile-body .um-col-122 a, .um-profile-body .um-col-122 i, .um-profile-body .um-col-122 h2 {color: white !important;}
.um-header .um-col-122 h2 {font-size:14px;}
.um-profile.um-viewing .um-field-label, .um-field-group {margin-bottom: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important;}
.um-profile.um-viewing .um-field-label {border: none;}
.um-field h2 {font-size:14px !important;}
/* #section-content {background-color: #f1f1f0;} */
#skeleton-container .module-inner {width: 100% !important;}
.page-id-2 #skelton-wrap {display: none;}
.hover-grid .wpb_column {padding: 0 8px;}
.vc_tta-panels .vc_active span.vc_tta-title-text {padding-left: 35px; color: #17BB9A !important;}
#homepage {max-height: 570px !important; width: 100%;}

/* Publications Homepage */
.homepage .doubleHome {overflow:hidden;}
.homepage .doubleHome li{float:left; display:inline; width:50%;}

/* UPCOMING EVENTS */
.jeg_archive_title {font-family:'Titillium Web',sans-serif!important; text-transform:uppercase; color:#4a4a4a; font-size:26px; padding-left:10px;}
#primary.sixteen h4.entry-title.summary {display:inline; border-bottom:none; margin-bottom:0.8rem; padding-bottom:0;}
.ecs-excerpt {margin-bottom: 0!important; font-style:italic; color:#222;line-height:18px;} /*margin-bottom: 1.8rem*/
#primary.sixteen h4.entry-title.summary a{font-size:13px; font-weight:400; color:#555!important;}
.nopaddingleft .vc_column-inner {padding-left:0 !important;}

/* Scrollbar Begin */
ul.ecs-event-list {overflow-y:scroll; max-height:1000px;}
ul::-webkit-scrollbar-track{-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);background-color: #F5F5F5;}
ul::-webkit-scrollbar{width: 6px;background-color: #F5F5F5;}
ul::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background-color: #888;}

/* Scrollbar End */
ul.ecs-event-list {margin: 0 0 2rem 1rem !important; display:inline-grid;}
.wpb_text_column ul li {margin-left: 0;} ul li:before {content: none;}
.dateblock {padding:3.2rem 0.7rem; margin:5px; background-color:#888; font-weight:600; float:left; text-align:center;}
span.crest-time-day, span.crest-time-m{font-family:'Titillium Web'!important;color:#fff!important}
span.crest-time-day{font-size:14px!important;}
span.crest-time-m{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px!important;}

/* HEAD */
#section-content .container > .sixteen {padding: 0 1rem 7rem;}
.entry-content {margin: 0;}
h1.entry-title {margin-top: 40px;}
.header-page {margin-bottom: 0 !important;}
.header-page, .bloc-titre {background-color: #6a8dae; color: #fff;}
.bloc-titre .center-wrap {min-height: 50px; vertical-align: middle; display: table-cell; padding: 10px 0 0 0;}
.center-wrap {margin: 20px auto 40px auto; max-width: 1140px; width: 100%;}
.breadcrumb {display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 6px;}
.breadcrumb ol {margin: 0 0 0.5rem 0 !important; padding: 0; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box;}
.breadcrumb li {display: inline-block; color: #ffffff;}
.breadcrumb li a {color: #ffffff;}

/* TWITTER FEED + LINKS */
.twitterlinksblock h1 {padding-left:0;}
.twitterlinksblock .vc_column-inner {padding-left:10px;}
.quicklinks a, .quicklinks p {font-size:20px;}
/* .twitterfeedbox #ctf .ctf-item:first-child {padding-top:0 !important;} */
.ctf-tweet-content p:hover, .ctf-item:hover {background-color:#eee !important;}

/* Scrollbar Begin */
.twitterfeedbox .ctf-tweets {overflow-y:scroll; overflow-x:hidden; height:450px;}
.twitterfeedbox div::-webkit-scrollbar-track{-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);background-color: #F5F5F5;}
.twitterfeedbox div::-webkit-scrollbar{width: 6px;background-color: #F5F5F5;}
.twitterfeedbox div::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background-color: #888;}
/* Scrollbar End */

/* FOOTER */
#section-footer .sixteen {padding:0;} /* 2rem 0;} */
#section-footer {background-color:#010101 !important;}
#section-footer a, #section-footer p {color: #fff;} /* #484848 */
.footer-menu .col-md-2 {width:14.2857%; padding-right:5px; padding-left:5px;}
.footer-menu .col-md-4 {padding:0 !important;}
.footer-menu .col-md-8 {padding-left:0 !important;}
.footer-menu .col-md-12 {margin-left:0;}
.footer-menu .cresttitle {font-weight:bold; text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom: 5px;}
.footer-menu .footer-menu-leaf {font-weight:400;}
.footer-menu .widget ul li:before, .footer-menu ul li:before {content:"";}
.footer-menu .widget ul li .footer-menu-parent, .footer-menu ul li .footer-menu-parent {font-weight:bold; text-transform:uppercase;font-size: 11px;}
.footer-menu .widget ul li ul li:before, .footer-menu ul li ul li:before {content:"";}
.widget ul.footer-menu-tree {margin-left: 0;}
.footer-menu .footer-logos {margin-top:50px;}
.footer-menu hr {background-color:#888;}
.footer-menu .footer-logos img {padding-top:40px;}

/ * ONGLETS */
/* Navigation */
#tab-nav {
/* Suppression des marges internes et externes */
margin: 0px ; padding: 0px;
/* Décalage pour masquer la bordure du contenu */
position: relative; bottom: -1px; text-align:left;}

/* cacher la ligne verticale si active */
.header-tabs ul li.bckgrd-white::after {background-color: #ffffff;}

#tab-nav li {
/* Affichage des éléments du menu côte à côte */
display: inline-block; min-width:70px; text-align:center;}

/* Aspect des onglets inactifs (par défaut) */
#tab-nav a {display: block;}

/* Effet de survol sur les onglets */
#tab-nav a:hover {background-color: #fff; color:#888;}

/* Aspect des onglets actifs */
#tab-nav .tab-nav-active {background-color: #fff; color: #6A8DAE;}

/* Contenu des onglets */
.tab {
/* Masquage des onglets*/
display: none; border: none;}

/* Affichage du contenu actif */
.tab-active {display: block;}

/* TABS */
.header-tabs {background-color: #F1F1F0; color: #fff;}
.header-tabs .wpb_content_element {margin-bottom:0 !important;}
.header-tabs ul.menu-tabs {margin:0 !important;}
.header-tabs ul {max-width: 1140px; width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0; position: relative; font-size: 0;}
.header-tabs ul li.active {background-color: #ffffff;}
.header-tabs ul li {display: inline-block; font-size: 1.4rem; vertical-align: middle; position: relative; width: auto; white-space: normal; transition: 0.3s; text-align: center; font-family: "Montserrat", sans-serif; padding: 0; list-style-type: none;}
.header-tabs ul li.active a {background-color: #ffffff; color: #061987;}
.header-tabs ul li a {padding: 15px 20px; display: block; background-color: transparent; font-size: 1.4rem;
    text-transform: none; line-height: 20px; font-weight: 700; color: #4a4a4a; transition: 0.3s; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;}
.header-tabs ul li.active::after {background-color: #ffffff;}
.header-tabs ul li::after {content: ''; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 50%; transform:translateY(-50%);     height: 50%; width: 2px; background-color: rgba(74, 74, 74, 0.5);}

/*PEOPLE*/
#people-filter-block {width: 100%; max-width: 1140px;}
#people-filter-block .form-item {display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;}
.form-item {margin: 20px 12px 30px 0;}
.selectric {border: 1px solid #d8d8d7; background: #FFFFFF; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;}
.selectric-items {display: none; position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; background: #FFF; border: 1px solid #C4C4C4; border-top: none; z-index: -1; box-shadow: 0 0 10px -6px;}
#people-filter-block input {font-family: "Roboto", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a;}
.selectric-input {position: absolute !important; top: 0 !important; left: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0) !important; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important; outline: none !important; border: none !important; background: none !important;}
.view-membres .groupby-wrapper {background-color: #ffffff; padding-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 20px;}
.view-membres .groupby-wrapper .groupby-header {width: 9%; padding-top: 15px; text-align: left;}
.groupby-wrapper .groupby-header {display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 20%;}
.groupby-wrapper .groupby-header {
    font-size: 4rem;
    font-weight: 300;
    line-height: 44px;
    color: #6A8DAE; margin-bottom: 13px;}
.view-membres .groupby-wrapper .groupby-content {
    width: 83%;
}

.groupby-wrapper .groupby-content {
    display: inline-block;
    vertical-align: top;
    width: 78%;
}
.view-membres .groupby-wrapper .groupby-content .views-row:nth-of-type(1) .line {
    border-top: none;
}

.view-membres .line {
    color: #4a4a4a;
}
.line:first-child {
    border-top: none;
}
.line {
    display: table;
    width: 100%;
    position: relative;
}

.view-membres .groupby-wrapper .groupby-content .line {
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(175, 174, 175, 0.2);
}

.line .row {
    display: table-row;
}

.row {
    margin: 0 !important;
}
.line:hover, .line:hover p, .line:hover h3, .line:hover .important {
    background-color: #888;
    color: white !important;
}
.view-membres .line .cell.photo {
    width: 10%;
    padding: 20px 10px;
}
.view-membres .line .cell {
    font-size: 1.4rem;
    font-weight: 400;
    width: 30%;
}
.line .cell {
    display: table-cell;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    vertical-align: middle;
    font-size: 2.0rem;
    font-weight: 900;
    padding: 20px;
    width: 64%;
}
.view-membres .line .cell.name {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    font-weight: 700;
}
#people-filter-block .form-item .form-text {padding:5px!important;border:1px solid #ebebeb;border-radius:0;}

.alphabet {
    list-style-type:none !important;
    margin:0 auto 0 !important;
    padding:0;
    cursor:pointer;
    width:80%;
    text-align:center;
}
.alphabet li:last-child {
    border-right: none;
}
.alphabet li:hover {
    color: #888;
}


/* ALPHABET PEOPLE */
.alphabet li {
    float:left;
    margin:0;
    padding:0;
    border-right:1px solid darkgrey; 
    font-size: 14px;
    color:black;
    display:inline-block;
    width:3.84%;
} 


/* HEADER */
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Titillium+Web:ital,wght@0,200;0,300;0,400;0,600;0,700;0,900;1,200;1,300;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap');
#site-logo {width: 250px;}
#section-header nav ul.menu, #section-header nav ul.menu > li.menu-item > a {text-transform:uppercase; font-size: 14px; font-family: 'Titillium Web', sans-serif !important; font-weight:600;}

/* CREST NEWS */
.crestnewshp .thumbnail-container {height:250px;}
.crestnewshp .jeg_postblock_22 .jeg_post {padding-right:10px;}
/* Cacher la catégorie et la date */
.crestnewshp .jeg_post_category, .crestnewshp .jeg_post_category a {display:none;padding:0;margin:0;}
.crestnewshp .jeg_meta_date, .crestnewshp .jeg_meta_date a {display:none;padding:0;margin:0;}
/* Partie description */
.crestnewshp .jeg_post_meta {font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.4;}
.crestnewshp .jeg_post_meta p, .crestnewshp .jeg_post_title a:hover {color:white !important;}
.crestnewshp .jeg_hero_style_1 .jeg_postblock_content {padding: 0 5px 92px 5px !important;}
.crestnewshp .jeg_heroblock_2 .jeg_hero_item_1 .jeg_postblock_content {padding: 0 25px 25px !important;}
.columns .header-page.news {
    margin-left: -40% !important;
    width: 200% !important;
}
.columns .header-page.events {
    margin-left: -62% !important;
    width: 300% !important;
}
.columns .header-page.news nav ol {
    margin-left: 500px !important;
    width: 100% !important;
}
.columns .header-page.events nav ol {
    margin-left: 500px !important;
    width: 100% !important;
}

/* CREST SLIDE */
.slider-carousel .jeg_post_title { text-align: center; padding-bottom: 20px }
.jeg_slide_item { background-size: auto 100px !important; }
.jeg_slider_type_4 .jeg_slide_item:before { background: none; background-size: contain; }
.jeg_slider_type_4 .jeg_slide_item { background-color: white;  }
.epic-owl-dot span { background-color: #6A8DAE !important; }
.jeg_owlslider .epic-owl-nav div { background-color: #6A8DAE; color: white; }

/* PUBLICATIONS */
.publicationblock h1 {padding-left:0;}
.jeg_postblock_21.jeg_col_3o3 .jeg_post {width:50% !important;}
.publicationblock .jeg_pl_sm .jeg_thumb, .publicationblock .jeg_pl_sm .jeg_thumb img {width:80px; height:120px;}
.publicationblock .size-715 {padding-bottom:100%;}
.publicationblock .thumbnail-container {overflow:initial;}
.publicationblock .jeg_pl_sm .jeg_postblock_content {margin-left:80px !important;}

/* Scrollbar Begin */
.publicationblock .jeg_block_container {overflow-y:scroll; overflow-x:hidden; height:0 !important;} /* 265px;} */
.publicationblock div::-webkit-scrollbar-track{-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);background-color: #F5F5F5;}
.publicationblock div::-webkit-scrollbar{width: 6px;background-color: #F5F5F5;}
.publicationblock div::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background-color: #F1F1F0;}
/* Scrollbar End */

/* COPYRIGHT */
#section-sub-footer .columns.left * {margin-right:0; font-weight:bold;}
#section-sub-footer {background-color: #000d14;}

/* BLOCKS */
.block .vc_column-inner {padding: 0 !important;}
.block {margin: 12px 12px 12px 0; width: 24%; border: none; padding-bottom: 18%;}
.block {display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 0; background: #f9f9f9; position: relative;}

.block figure {width: 100%; min-height: inherit; display: block; position: relative; vertical-align: top;}

.block .block-content {padding:0 15px;}
.block .block-title {color:#33699c; font-size:24px; font-family: 'Titillium Web'; padding-top: 15px;}
.block .block-description {color:#33699c; font-size:16px; font-family: 'Titillium Web';}

/* TEXT */
.txt-title {font-size: 30px;}
.txt-description {text-align:justify;padding-right: 50px;}

/* CONTACT BLOCK */
.contact-block {
margin: 0; padding: 20px; /*background-color: #33699c*/; color:#fff; padding-bottom:5%;}

.contact-block h2 {font-size: 2.0rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 20px; text-transform: none;}

.contact-block ul {display: grid; font-size: 1.6rem;margin-left:0 !important;}
.contact-block figure {width: 68px; height: 68px; margin: 0 10px 15px 0; float: left;}
.contact-block figure img {border-radius: 50%; display: block; width: 100%; height: auto;}
.contact-block li span {color: #fff; display: block; padding-bottom: 3px;}
.contact-block li span.name {font-weight: 600;}
.contact-block li span.function {font-weight: 400;font-size: 1.2rem;}


/* FILTER STYLE */

li.wppb-facet-filter {
  height:30px;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

li.wppb-facet-filter select {
   min-width: 55px;
}

li.wppb-facet-filter select > option {
   line-height: 30px;
}

input.wppb-search-button {
   padding: 0px 20px !important;
   background: #6A8DAE !important;
   color: white !important;
   height: 35px !important;
   line-height: 35px !important;
}

article.posts-list-element {
   width: 100%;
}

.posts-list-element .jeg_thumb, .posts-list-element .jeg_thumb img {
   display: inline-block;
   width: 150px !important;
   height: 150px !important;
   margin-right: 10px;
}

.posts-list-element .jeg_thumb2, .posts-list-element .jeg_thumb2 img {
   display: inline-block;
   width: 5px !important;
   height: 130px !important;
   /* height: 150px !important; */
   margin-right: 10px;
   background-color: #888888;
}


.posts-list-element .jeg_postblock_content {
   display: inline-block;
   max-width: 60%;
   word-break: normal; 
   height: 150px;
   vertical-align: top;
   padding-top: 10px;
}
.posts-list-element .jeg_postblock_content2 {
   display: inline-block;
   max-width: 94%;
   word-break: normal; 
   min-height: 120px;
   vertical-align: top;
   padding-top: 5px;
   /* padding-top: 10px; */
}

h3.jeg_post_title, h3.jeg_post_title p, .jeg_postblock_content2 p {margin-bottom:5px !important;}

strong {
   font-weight: bold;
}

/* POSTS DISPLAY */


article .entry-title {
   text-align: center;
}



.entry-meta {
   display: none;
}

.entry-content p {
   max-width: 100%;
}

.post {
   max-width: 80%;
   margin: 0 auto 30px auto;
}

/* News HOME */
.jeg_post_title_pers {
    font-size: 16px;
    /*font-weight:bold;*/
    width:400px;
    color:#004080;
    background-color: #DBDBDB!important;
    padding: 5px;
    margin-left:-25px;
    margin-top:10px !important;
    margin-bottom:-25px !important;
    min-height: 54px;
}

.jeg_post_title_pers2 {
    font-size: 16px;
    /*font-weight:bold;*/
    width:200px;
    color:#004080;
    background-color:#DBDBDB!important;
    padding: 9px;
    margin-left:-5px;
    margin-top:25px !important;
    margin-bottom:-92px !important;
    min-height: 54px;
}

.jeg_link_pers {
   color:#fff !important;
}

.jeg_meta_author {
   font-size:14px;
   font-style: italic;
}

.img-footer {
   padding-top:70px !important;
}

#wppb-search-fields {
   width:200px !important;
}

.boxForm {
   display: block;
   vertical-align: middle;
   width: 49.8%;
   margin-left: auto;
   margin-right: auto;
   
}

.boxForm2 {
   display: inline-block;
   vertical-align: top;
   width: 49.8%;
}

#boxFormInterne {
   width:250px !important;
}

#wppb-search-fields {
   margin-top:8px;
}

.jeg_slider_type_4 .jeg_post_title {
   font-size:14px !important;
}

.jeg_slider_type_4 .jeg_post_category a, .jeg_slider_type_4 .jeg_post_meta {
   display:none !important;
}

.thumbnail-container:hover {
   filter: brightness(50%) !important;
   -webkit-filter: brightness(50%) !important;
}

.tribe-events-c-view-selector {
   display:none !important;
}

.tribe-common--breakpoint-medium.tribe-events .tribe-events-l-container {
   padding-top : 0px !important;
}

.responsive-menu-search-box {
   margin-top:7px !important; 
   height: 25px;
}

ul.wppb-faceted-list > li{
   float:left !important;
   margin-right: 15px;
   max-width: 390px;
   max-height: 
}

.wppb-user-forms .wppb-search-button {
   padding-top: 1px;
   padding-bottom:1px;
}

.important {
   color: #6A8DAE;
   font-weight: bold;
}

.wppb-facet-select {
   width: 200px !important;
}

/* Widget News */
#secondary.right, #tertiary.right {padding: 4rem 0 1rem 4rem !important;}
#section-content hr {display: none !important;}
@media screen and (min-width: 768px){
article .entry-title {text-align: left !important;}}




/* @MEDIA PAS CA */

@media screen and (min-width:768px){
/* .main-posts-scroll {overflow-y: scroll; height: auto; }/* 380px;} */
.col-md-6-home {position: relative; min-height: 1px; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; width: 50%; float:left;}
}

@media screen and (max-width: 767px){
/* PEOPLE ALPHABET */
.alphabet li {margin:0; padding:0; border-right:1px solid darkgrey; font-size: 14px; color:black; display:inline-block; width:6.5%;} 
.main-posts-scroll {overflow: scroll; height: 350px; max-height: 350px; transform: rotate(-90deg) translateY(-390px); transform-origin: right top; width: 380px; padding-top: 320px !important;}
.col-md-6-home {position: relative; min-height: 1px; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 35px; width: 350px; transform: rotate(90deg); transform-origin: right top; margin-top: 0px;}
.squares{padding:10px 0 0 0;}
.squares > div{width:260px; height:260px; margin:10px;}
#homepage {max-height: 410px !important;
/* transform: rotate(-90deg) translateY(-10px); transform-origin: right top; */
display: block; top: 0; left: 0; width: 415px;
margin-left: 10px !important; /* margin-left: -440px !important; */
overflow: scroll; scrollbar-face-color: #ff00ff; scrollbar-arrow-color: #000000; scrollbar-track-color: #00bf60; scrollbar-highlight-color: #bf5f00; scrollbar-shadow-color: #bf5f00; scrollbar-3dlight-color: #bf5f00; scrollbar-darkshadow-color: #bf5f00;}
#homepage li {display: block; height: 150px;
/* transform: rotate(90deg) translateX(395px); transform-origin: right top; */
width: 410px;}
/* #home-publications {margin-top: -300px;} */
}

/* MOBILE */
@media only screen and (min-width: 992px) {
button#responsive-menu-button {display:none !important;}
}

/* MOBILE */
@media screen and (min-width:768px){.vc_images_carousel .vc_carousel-control .icon-next,.vc_images_carousel .vc_carousel-control .icon-prev{font-size: 55px !important; color: #efefef !important;}
.vc_gitem-zone {display: table !important;}
}






/* FOOTER LOGO - Mobile */
@media screen and (min-width: 768px){
.img-footer {padding-top: 30px !important;}}


/* HOMEPAGE - Mobile */
@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
.jeg_heroblock .jeg_post_info {text-shadow:none !important;}
/*  .jeg_heroblock .jeg_thumb, .jeg_heroblock .jeg_thumb a>div {display:none !important;}
.jeg_heroblock .jeg_block_container {height: 100px;}
.jeg_heroblock_2:not(.carousel-hero) .jeg_hero_item_1 {height: 35%;}    */
.jeg_post {padding: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; margin: 0;}
/*  .jeg_hero_item_1 {height: 20% !important;}
.jeg_heroblock_2:not(.carousel-hero) .jeg_heroblock_scroller .jeg_post {width: 60% !important;}
 .jeg_hero_item_1 .jeg_block_container {height: 60px;}
.jeg_heroblock {margin-bottom:0 !important;}    */
.jeg_heroblock_wrapper {height:450px !important;}
h2.jeg_post_title_pers, h2.jeg_post_title_pers2, h2.jeg_post_title_pers4, h2.jeg_post_title_pers4, h2.jeg_post_title_pers5 {font-size:13px !important;}
.jeg_postblock_content2 h3, .jeg_postblock_content2 p {font-size:13px !important;}
.jeg_postblock_content2 {max-width:48% !important;}
.crestnewshp .jeg_hero_style_1 .jeg_postblock_content {padding: 0 0 42px 0 !important;}
.jeg_post_title_pers2 {width:100% !important; min-height:15px !important; margin-left:0 !important;margin-bottom:-42px !important;}
.jeg_post_title_pers {width: 370px !important; padding: 9px !important; min-height: 24px !important;}

.publicationblock {margin-top: 30px;}
.posts-list-element .jeg_thumb2 {height: 170px !important;}

.quicklinks a {font-size:13px !important;}
.footer-menu .col-md-1, .footer-menu .col-md-2 {width:auto !important;}
}

/* PUBLICATIONS - MOBILE */
@media screen and (max-width:690px){
.main-posts-scroll {transform: none !important; transform-origin: none !important; padding-top: 1px !important;}
.homepage .doubleHome {overflow: inherit; margin: 0 !important;}
.homepage .doubleHome li {float: none; width: 100%;}
article.posts-list-element {width: 306px;}
.homepage .doubleHome .jeg_postblock_content2 {max-width: 90% !important;}
}

/* PEOPLE - Mobile */
@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
#LetterA, #LetterB, #LetterC, #LetterD, #LetterE, #LetterF, #LetterG, #LetterH, #LetterI, #LetterJ, #LetterK, #LetterL, #LetterM, #LetterN, #LetterO, #LetterP, #LetterQ, #LetterR, #LetterS, #LetterT, #LetterU, #LetterV, #LetterW, #LetterX, #LetterY, #LetterZ {margin-right:300px;}
ul.alphabet {width: 100%; margin: 0 15px !important;}
}

/* RESEARCH - Mobile */
@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
.block {width: 45%; margin-bottom: 15%;}
.block .block-content {padding: 0;}
.block .block-title {font-size: 16px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;}
}

/* NEWS - Mobile */
@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
.posts-list-element .jeg_postblock_content {max-width:100% !important; height:auto; text-align:justify;}
#secondary.right {padding: 0 !important;}
}

/* SEARCH */
.search h1.entry-title {font-size: 28px; font-weight: 400; margin: 40px 0;}
.search h2.entry-title, .search h2.entry-title a {font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400;}
.search article {margin: 10px 0 0 0!important; width:75%;}
.search .nav-previous {margin-top:10px;}

/* SEARCH - Mobile */
@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
.search h2.entry-title, .search h2.entry-title a {text-align:left;}
}

/* PEOPLE - Mobile */
@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
.um-header.no-cover .um-profile-photo {margin-right: 0 !important; width: 100% !important; height: 100%!important; float: none !important; margin: 0 !important; width: auto !important;}
.um-header.no-cover .um-profile-meta {display:block !important; max-width:100%; margin-left:0; margin-top:0 !important;}
.um-name {font-size: 14px !important; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;}
.um-name a {font-size: 20px;}

.line {display: grid; padding: 5px 0; width: 450px;}
.line .cell {padding: 0;}
.view-membres .line .cell.photo {display: none;}
.view-membres .line .cell {width: 100%;}
}

/* GRANTS & PARTNERSHIPS 
.tab ul li {list-style: disc;}*/

/* HISTORY PAGE */
.history_first {font-weight:400; width: 100%;}
.history_para {font-weight:400; width: 350px;}
.alignright {text-align:right;}
.history_Last {width: 470px; text-align: left; margin: 0 auto; font-weight: 400;}

/* NEWS HOMEPAGE - Desktop */
h2.jeg_post_title_pers, h2.jeg_post_title_pers2, h2.jeg_post_title_pers4, h2.jeg_post_title_pers4, h2.jeg_post_title_pers5 {font-size:14px !important;}
.jeg_postblock_content2 h3, .jeg_postblock_content2 p {font-size:14px !important;}
.jeg_post_title_pers2 {min-height:15px !important;}
.jeg_post_title_pers {padding: 9px !important; min-height: 24px !important;}

/* PUBLICATION FORM */
.pubform p {max-width:650px !important;}
.pubform label {width:650px !important; margin-bottom:10px !important;}


.showlist ul li {list-style: disc !important;}

.entry-summary {overflow-wrap: break-word;}






/* PEOPLE */
.people {
background-color: white;
display: flex;
flex-flow: row nowrap;
align-items: flex-start;
}

.people p {
margin: 4px 0 !important;
}

.people .picture {
flex-shrink: 0;
width: 220px !important;
height: 220px !important;
background-size: cover;
background-position: center;
}

.people .picture img {
width: 220px;
height: 220px;
}

.people .content {
padding-top: 2px;
}

.people .content h3.fullname {
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 16px;
margin: 10px 0;
}

.people .content h3 span.lastname {
text-transform: uppercase;
}

.people .content .title, .people .content .phd-year {
font-size: 16px;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}

.people .content .discipline {
font-size: 14px;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}

.people .content .email a {
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 11px;
text-decoration: none;
margin-top: 5px;
text-transform: uppercase;
}

.people .content .additional-info {
margin-top: 10px;
width: 220px;
}

.people .content .additional-info p.office {
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 10px;
line-height: 16px;
letter-spacing: 0.8px;
color: #63666a;
text-transform: uppercase;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}

.people .content .additional-info p.employer {
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 12px;
margin-top: 0;
color: #63666a;
}

.people .content .additional-info p.employer span{
font-weight: 500;
color: #000000;
}

.people .content .additional-info .website {
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 9px;
line-height: 16px;
letter-spacing: 0.8px;
text-decoration: none;
text-transform: uppercase;
transition: 0.3s;    
}

.people .content .additional-info .interests {
font-size: 10px;
position: relative;
text-transform: uppercase;
}

.people .content .additional-info .interests .researchtopics {
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 10px;
line-height: 14px;
letter-spacing: 0.8px;
margin-bottom: 5px !important;
}

.people .content .additional-info .interests span {
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 10px;
line-height: 14px;
color: #63666a;
letter-spacing: 0.8px;
}

.people .content .additional-info .interests span.phd-researchtopic p {
text-transform: none;
text-align: justify;
display: block;
width: 250px;
overflow: hidden;
/* white-space: nowrap; */
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

.wppb-userlisting-container .vc_row:after, .wppb-userlisting-container .vc_row:before {
display: inline;
}

.fonthp18 {font-size:18px;}

.publicationshp {font-weight:300;}




/***************
* PUBLICATIONS *
***************/
/* Publication List */
.su-posts-default-loop .su-post {margin-bottom: 1.2em !important;}

/* Publication Title */
.su-posts-default-loop h2.su-post-title {font-size:1em !important; padding-top: 0.4em}

/* Thumbnail size and margin */
.su-posts-default-loop .su-post-thumbnail {width: 80px !important; margin-right: 0 !important;}

/* Content */
.su-posts-default-loop p.pub-journal-name {margin-bottom:0.2em!important; margin-top:0.4em; font-style:italic;}
.su-posts-default-loop span.pub-year {font-style:normal; font-size:.9em;}
.su-posts-default-loop p.pub-author-name {margin-bottom: 0.4em !important;}
.su-posts-default-loop p.pub-url {font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom:0!important;}

/* Single Publication */
.pub-abstract {text-align:justify; width:1000px;}

/* Slider Home afficher 5 news */
.slider_home .jeg_slider_thumbnail_wrapper .epic-owl-stage {width:100% !important;} /* width: 576px; */
.slider_home .jeg_slider_thumbnail_wrapper .epic-owl-item.active {width:20% !important; margin-right: 0px !important;}

.footer-menu .col-md-3 {padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;}


@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
.slider_home .jeg_slider_thumbnail_wrapper .epic-owl-stage {width: 448px !important}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 690px){
.footer-menu .col-md-3 {width: 100% !important}
} 
</style>

<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery(document).ready(function() {

/* On surveille les cliques sur les liens du menu */
jQuery('#tab-nav a').click(function(e){
/* On désactive l'action par défaut des liens */
e.preventDefault();

/* On récupère la valeur de l'onglet à activer */
var tab = jQuery(this).data('tab');
		
/* On masque tous les contenus */
jQuery('.tab').removeClass('tab-active');
		
/* On affiche le contenu qui doit l'être */
jQuery('#'+tab).addClass('tab-active');
		
/* On désactive tous les onglets */
jQuery('#tab-nav a').removeClass('tab-nav-active');

jQuery('#tab-nav a').parent().removeClass('bckgrd-white');
		
/* On active l'onglet qui a été cliqué */
jQuery(this).addClass('tab-nav-active');

if (jQuery('#tab-nav a').hasClass('tab-nav-active')){
    jQuery(this).parent().addClass('bckgrd-white');
}
     });
});</script><style type="text/css" media="screen">body{position:relative}#dynamic-to-top{display:none;overflow:hidden;width:auto;z-index:90;position:fixed;bottom:20px;right:20px;top:auto;left:auto;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1em;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;padding:17px 16px;border:1px solid #000;background:#272727;-webkit-background-origin:border;-moz-background-origin:border;-icab-background-origin:border;-khtml-background-origin:border;-o-background-origin:border;background-origin:border;-webkit-background-clip:padding-box;-moz-background-clip:padding-box;-icab-background-clip:padding-box;-khtml-background-clip:padding-box;-o-background-clip:padding-box;background-clip:padding-box;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ), inset 0 1px 0 rgba( 255, 255, 255, .4 ), inset 0 10px 10px rgba( 255, 255, 255, .1 );-ms-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ), inset 0 1px 0 rgba( 255, 255, 255, .4 ), inset 0 10px 10px rgba( 255, 255, 255, .1 );-moz-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ), inset 0 1px 0 rgba( 255, 255, 255, .4 ), inset 0 10px 10px rgba( 255, 255, 255, .1 );-o-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ), inset 0 1px 0 rgba( 255, 255, 255, .4 ), inset 0 10px 10px rgba( 255, 255, 255, .1 );-khtml-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ), inset 0 1px 0 rgba( 255, 255, 255, .4 ), inset 0 10px 10px rgba( 255, 255, 255, .1 );-icab-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ), inset 0 1px 0 rgba( 255, 255, 255, .4 ), inset 0 10px 10px rgba( 255, 255, 255, .1 );box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.4 ), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 ), inset 0 1px 0 rgba( 255, 255, 255, .4 ), inset 0 10px 10px rgba( 255, 255, 255, .1 );-webkit-border-radius:30px;-moz-border-radius:30px;-icab-border-radius:30px;-khtml-border-radius:30px;border-radius:30px}#dynamic-to-top:hover{background:#4e9c9c;background:#272727 -webkit-gradient( linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from( rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ) ), to( rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) ) );background:#272727 -webkit-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -khtml-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -moz-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -o-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -ms-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -icab-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 linear-gradient( top, rgba( 255, 255, 255, .2 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );cursor:pointer}#dynamic-to-top:active{background:#272727;background:#272727 -webkit-gradient( linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from( rgba( 0, 0, 0, .3 ) ), to( rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) ) );background:#272727 -webkit-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 0, 0, 0, .1 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -moz-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 0, 0, 0, .1 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -khtml-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 0, 0, 0, .1 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -o-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 0, 0, 0, .1 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -ms-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 0, 0, 0, .1 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 -icab-linear-gradient( top, rgba( 0, 0, 0, .1 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );background:#272727 linear-gradient( top, rgba( 0, 0, 0, .1 ), rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) )}#dynamic-to-top,#dynamic-to-top:active,#dynamic-to-top:focus,#dynamic-to-top:hover{outline:none}#dynamic-to-top span{display:block;overflow:hidden;width:14px;height:12px;background:url( https://eco.crest.science/wp-content/plugins/dynamic-to-top/css/images/up.png )no-repeat center center}</style><meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/>
<style id="jeg_dynamic_css" type="text/css" data-type="jeg_custom-css"></style><style>button#responsive-menu-button,
#responsive-menu-container {
    display: none;
    -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 8000px) {

    #responsive-menu-container {
        display: block;
        position: fixed;
        top: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        z-index: 99998;
        padding-bottom: 5px;
        margin-bottom: -5px;
        outline: 1px solid transparent;
        overflow-y: auto;
        overflow-x: hidden;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-search-box {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 0 2%;
        border-radius: 2px;
        height: 50px;
        -webkit-appearance: none;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container.push-left,
    #responsive-menu-container.slide-left {
        transform: translateX(-100%);
        -ms-transform: translateX(-100%);
        -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%);
        -moz-transform: translateX(-100%);
    }

    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.push-left,
    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.slide-left {
        transform: translateX(0);
        -ms-transform: translateX(0);
        -webkit-transform: translateX(0);
        -moz-transform: translateX(0);
    }

    #responsive-menu-container.push-top,
    #responsive-menu-container.slide-top {
        transform: translateY(-100%);
        -ms-transform: translateY(-100%);
        -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%);
        -moz-transform: translateY(-100%);
    }

    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.push-top,
    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.slide-top {
        transform: translateY(0);
        -ms-transform: translateY(0);
        -webkit-transform: translateY(0);
        -moz-transform: translateY(0);
    }

    #responsive-menu-container.push-right,
    #responsive-menu-container.slide-right {
        transform: translateX(100%);
        -ms-transform: translateX(100%);
        -webkit-transform: translateX(100%);
        -moz-transform: translateX(100%);
    }

    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.push-right,
    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.slide-right {
        transform: translateX(0);
        -ms-transform: translateX(0);
        -webkit-transform: translateX(0);
        -moz-transform: translateX(0);
    }

    #responsive-menu-container.push-bottom,
    #responsive-menu-container.slide-bottom {
        transform: translateY(100%);
        -ms-transform: translateY(100%);
        -webkit-transform: translateY(100%);
        -moz-transform: translateY(100%);
    }

    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.push-bottom,
    .responsive-menu-open #responsive-menu-container.slide-bottom {
        transform: translateY(0);
        -ms-transform: translateY(0);
        -webkit-transform: translateY(0);
        -moz-transform: translateY(0);
    }

    #responsive-menu-container,
    #responsive-menu-container:before,
    #responsive-menu-container:after,
    #responsive-menu-container *,
    #responsive-menu-container *:before,
    #responsive-menu-container *:after {
         box-sizing: border-box;
         margin: 0;
         padding: 0;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-search-box,
    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-additional-content,
    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title {
        padding: 25px 5%;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu,
    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul {
        width: 100%;
    }
    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu {
        display: none;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu.responsive-menu-submenu-open {
         display: block;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu-depth-1 a.responsive-menu-item-link {
        padding-left: 10%;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu-depth-2 a.responsive-menu-item-link {
        padding-left: 15%;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu-depth-3 a.responsive-menu-item-link {
        padding-left: 20%;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu-depth-4 a.responsive-menu-item-link {
        padding-left: 25%;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu-depth-5 a.responsive-menu-item-link {
        padding-left: 30%;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container li.responsive-menu-item {
        width: 100%;
        list-style: none;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container li.responsive-menu-item a {
        width: 100%;
        display: block;
        text-decoration: none;
        
        position: relative;
    }


     #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a {
                    padding: 0   5%;
            }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a {
                    padding: 0   5%;
            }

    #responsive-menu-container li.responsive-menu-item a .fa {
        margin-right: 15px;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow {
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        text-align: center;
        overflow: hidden;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow  .fa {
        margin-right: 0;
    }

    button#responsive-menu-button .responsive-menu-button-icon-inactive {
        display: none;
    }

    button#responsive-menu-button {
        z-index: 99999;
        display: none;
        overflow: hidden;
        outline: none;
    }

    button#responsive-menu-button img {
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .responsive-menu-label {
        display: inline-block;
        font-weight: 600;
        margin: 0 5px;
        vertical-align: middle;
    }

    .responsive-menu-label .responsive-menu-button-text-open {
        display: none;
    }

    .responsive-menu-accessible {
        display: inline-block;
    }

    .responsive-menu-accessible .responsive-menu-box {
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: middle;
    }

    .responsive-menu-label.responsive-menu-label-top,
    .responsive-menu-label.responsive-menu-label-bottom
    {
        display: block;
        margin: 0 auto;
    }

    button#responsive-menu-button {
        padding: 0 0;
        display: inline-block;
        cursor: pointer;
        transition-property: opacity, filter;
        transition-duration: 0.15s;
        transition-timing-function: linear;
        font: inherit;
        color: inherit;
        text-transform: none;
        background-color: transparent;
        border: 0;
        margin: 0;
        overflow: visible;
    }

    .responsive-menu-box {
        width: 25px;
        height: 19px;
        display: inline-block;
        position: relative;
    }

    .responsive-menu-inner {
        display: block;
        top: 50%;
        margin-top: -1.5px;
    }

    .responsive-menu-inner,
    .responsive-menu-inner::before,
    .responsive-menu-inner::after {
         width: 25px;
         height: 3px;
         background-color: #fff;
         border-radius: 4px;
         position: absolute;
         transition-property: transform;
         transition-duration: 0.15s;
         transition-timing-function: ease;
    }

    .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner,
    .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner::before,
    .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner::after {
        background-color: #fff;
    }

    button#responsive-menu-button:hover .responsive-menu-inner,
    button#responsive-menu-button:hover .responsive-menu-inner::before,
    button#responsive-menu-button:hover .responsive-menu-inner::after,
    button#responsive-menu-button:hover .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner,
    button#responsive-menu-button:hover .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner::before,
    button#responsive-menu-button:hover .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner::after,
    button#responsive-menu-button:focus .responsive-menu-inner,
    button#responsive-menu-button:focus .responsive-menu-inner::before,
    button#responsive-menu-button:focus .responsive-menu-inner::after,
    button#responsive-menu-button:focus .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner,
    button#responsive-menu-button:focus .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner::before,
    button#responsive-menu-button:focus .responsive-menu-open .responsive-menu-inner::after {
        background-color: #fff;
    }

    .responsive-menu-inner::before,
    .responsive-menu-inner::after {
         content: "";
         display: block;
    }

    .responsive-menu-inner::before {
         top: -8px;
    }

    .responsive-menu-inner::after {
         bottom: -8px;
    }

            .responsive-menu-boring .responsive-menu-inner,
.responsive-menu-boring .responsive-menu-inner::before,
.responsive-menu-boring .responsive-menu-inner::after {
    transition-property: none;
}

.responsive-menu-boring.is-active .responsive-menu-inner {
    transform: rotate(45deg);
}

.responsive-menu-boring.is-active .responsive-menu-inner::before {
    top: 0;
    opacity: 0;
}

.responsive-menu-boring.is-active .responsive-menu-inner::after {
    bottom: 0;
    transform: rotate(-90deg);
}    
    button#responsive-menu-button {
        width: 55px;
        height: 55px;
        position: fixed;
        top: 15px;
        right: 5%;
                    background: #000
            }

            .responsive-menu-open button#responsive-menu-button {
            background: #000
        }
    
            .responsive-menu-open button#responsive-menu-button:hover,
        .responsive-menu-open button#responsive-menu-button:focus,
        button#responsive-menu-button:hover,
        button#responsive-menu-button:focus {
            background: #000
        }
    
    button#responsive-menu-button .responsive-menu-box {
        color: #fff;
    }

    .responsive-menu-open button#responsive-menu-button .responsive-menu-box {
        color: #fff;
    }

    .responsive-menu-label {
        color: #fff;
        font-size: 14px;
        line-height: 13px;
            }

    button#responsive-menu-button {
        display: inline-block;
        transition: transform   0.5s, background-color   0.5s;
    }

    
    
    #responsive-menu-container {
        width: 75%;
        left: 0;
        transition: transform   0.5s;
        text-align: left;
                                            background: #212121;
            }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-wrapper {
        background: #212121;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-additional-content {
        color: #fff;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-search-box {
        background: #fff;
        border: 2px solid   #dadada;
        color: #333;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-search-box:-ms-input-placeholder {
        color: #C7C7CD;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-search-box::-webkit-input-placeholder {
        color: #C7C7CD;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-search-box:-moz-placeholder {
        color: #C7C7CD;
        opacity: 1;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-search-box::-moz-placeholder {
        color: #C7C7CD;
        opacity: 1;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-item-link,
    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title,
    #responsive-menu-container .responsive-menu-subarrow {
        transition: background-color   0.5s, border-color   0.5s, color   0.5s;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title {
        background-color: #212121;
        color: #fff;
        font-size: 13px;
        text-align: left;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title a {
        color: #fff;
        font-size: 13px;
        text-decoration: none;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title a:hover {
        color: #fff;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title:hover {
        background-color: #212121;
        color: #fff;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title:hover a {
        color: #fff;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title #responsive-menu-title-image {
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: middle;
        max-width: 100%;
        margin-bottom: 15px;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu-title #responsive-menu-title-image img {
                        max-width: 100%;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu > li.responsive-menu-item:first-child > a {
        border-top: 1px solid   #212121;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item .responsive-menu-item-link {
        font-size: 13px;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a {
        line-height: 40px;
        border-bottom: 1px solid   #212121;
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #212121;
                    height: 40px;
            }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a:hover {
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #3f3f3f;
        border-color: #212121;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a:hover .responsive-menu-subarrow {
        color: #fff;
        border-color: #3f3f3f;
        background-color: #3f3f3f;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a:hover .responsive-menu-subarrow.responsive-menu-subarrow-active {
        color: #fff;
        border-color: #3f3f3f;
        background-color: #3f3f3f;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow {
        right: 0;
        height: 39px;
        line-height: 39px;
        width: 40px;
        color: #fff;
                        border-left: 1px solid #212121;
        
        background-color: #212121;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow.responsive-menu-subarrow-active {
        color: #fff;
        border-color: #212121;
        background-color: #212121;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow.responsive-menu-subarrow-active:hover {
        color: #fff;
        border-color: #3f3f3f;
        background-color: #3f3f3f;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow:hover {
        color: #fff;
        border-color: #3f3f3f;
        background-color: #3f3f3f;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-current-item > .responsive-menu-item-link {
        background-color: #212121;
        color: #fff;
        border-color: #212121;
    }

    #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu li.responsive-menu-current-item > .responsive-menu-item-link:hover {
        background-color: #3f3f3f;
        color: #fff;
        border-color: #3f3f3f;
    }

            #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item .responsive-menu-item-link {
                        font-size: 13px;
            text-align: left;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a {
                            height: 40px;
                        line-height: 40px;
            border-bottom: 1px solid   #212121;
            color: #fff;
            background-color: #212121;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a:hover {
            color: #fff;
            background-color: #3f3f3f;
            border-color: #212121;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a:hover .responsive-menu-subarrow {
            color: #fff;
            border-color: #3f3f3f;
            background-color: #3f3f3f;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a:hover .responsive-menu-subarrow.responsive-menu-subarrow-active {
            color: #fff;
            border-color: #3f3f3f;
            background-color: #3f3f3f;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow {
                                        left:unset;
                right:0;
                        height: 39px;
            line-height: 39px;
            width: 40px;
            color: #fff;
                                        border-left: 1px solid   #212121  !important;
                border-right:unset  !important;
                        background-color: #212121;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow.responsive-menu-subarrow-active {
            color: #fff;
            border-color: #212121;
            background-color: #212121;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow.responsive-menu-subarrow-active:hover {
            color: #fff;
            border-color: #3f3f3f;
            background-color: #3f3f3f;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-item a .responsive-menu-subarrow:hover {
            color: #fff;
            border-color: #3f3f3f;
            background-color: #3f3f3f;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-current-item > .responsive-menu-item-link {
            background-color: #212121;
            color: #fff;
            border-color: #212121;
        }

        #responsive-menu-container #responsive-menu ul.responsive-menu-submenu li.responsive-menu-current-item > .responsive-menu-item-link:hover {
            background-color: #3f3f3f;
            color: #fff;
            border-color: #3f3f3f;
        }
    
    
    }</style><script>jQuery(document).ready(function($) {

    var ResponsiveMenu = {
        trigger: '#responsive-menu-button',
        animationSpeed: 500,
        breakpoint: 8000,
        pushButton: 'off',
        animationType: 'slide',
        animationSide: 'left',
        pageWrapper: '',
        isOpen: false,
        triggerTypes: 'click',
        activeClass: 'is-active',
        container: '#responsive-menu-container',
        openClass: 'responsive-menu-open',
        accordion: 'off',
        activeArrow: '▲',
        inactiveArrow: '▼',
        wrapper: '#responsive-menu-wrapper',
        closeOnBodyClick: 'off',
        closeOnLinkClick: 'off',
        itemTriggerSubMenu: 'off',
        linkElement: '.responsive-menu-item-link',
        subMenuTransitionTime: 200,
        openMenu: function() {
            $(this.trigger).addClass(this.activeClass);
            $('html').addClass(this.openClass);
            $('.responsive-menu-button-icon-active').hide();
            $('.responsive-menu-button-icon-inactive').show();
            this.setButtonTextOpen();
            this.setWrapperTranslate();
            this.isOpen = true;
        },
        closeMenu: function() {
            $(this.trigger).removeClass(this.activeClass);
            $('html').removeClass(this.openClass);
            $('.responsive-menu-button-icon-inactive').hide();
            $('.responsive-menu-button-icon-active').show();
            this.setButtonText();
            this.clearWrapperTranslate();
            this.isOpen = false;
        },
        setButtonText: function() {
            if($('.responsive-menu-button-text-open').length > 0 && $('.responsive-menu-button-text').length > 0) {
                $('.responsive-menu-button-text-open').hide();
                $('.responsive-menu-button-text').show();
            }
        },
        setButtonTextOpen: function() {
            if($('.responsive-menu-button-text').length > 0 && $('.responsive-menu-button-text-open').length > 0) {
                $('.responsive-menu-button-text').hide();
                $('.responsive-menu-button-text-open').show();
            }
        },
        triggerMenu: function() {
            this.isOpen ? this.closeMenu() : this.openMenu();
        },
        triggerSubArrow: function(subarrow) {
            var sub_menu = $(subarrow).parent().siblings('.responsive-menu-submenu');
            var self = this;
            if(this.accordion == 'on') {
                /* Get Top Most Parent and the siblings */
                var top_siblings = sub_menu.parents('.responsive-menu-item-has-children').last().siblings('.responsive-menu-item-has-children');
                var first_siblings = sub_menu.parents('.responsive-menu-item-has-children').first().siblings('.responsive-menu-item-has-children');
                /* Close up just the top level parents to key the rest as it was */
                top_siblings.children('.responsive-menu-submenu').slideUp(self.subMenuTransitionTime, 'linear').removeClass('responsive-menu-submenu-open');
                /* Set each parent arrow to inactive */
                top_siblings.each(function() {
                    $(this).find('.responsive-menu-subarrow').first().html(self.inactiveArrow);
                    $(this).find('.responsive-menu-subarrow').first().removeClass('responsive-menu-subarrow-active');
                });
                /* Now Repeat for the current item siblings */
                first_siblings.children('.responsive-menu-submenu').slideUp(self.subMenuTransitionTime, 'linear').removeClass('responsive-menu-submenu-open');
                first_siblings.each(function() {
                    $(this).find('.responsive-menu-subarrow').first().html(self.inactiveArrow);
                    $(this).find('.responsive-menu-subarrow').first().removeClass('responsive-menu-subarrow-active');
                });
            }
            if(sub_menu.hasClass('responsive-menu-submenu-open')) {
                sub_menu.slideUp(self.subMenuTransitionTime, 'linear').removeClass('responsive-menu-submenu-open');
                $(subarrow).html(this.inactiveArrow);
                $(subarrow).removeClass('responsive-menu-subarrow-active');
            } else {
                sub_menu.slideDown(self.subMenuTransitionTime, 'linear').addClass('responsive-menu-submenu-open');
                $(subarrow).html(this.activeArrow);
                $(subarrow).addClass('responsive-menu-subarrow-active');
            }
        },
        menuHeight: function() {
            return $(this.container).height();
        },
        menuWidth: function() {
            return $(this.container).width();
        },
        wrapperHeight: function() {
            return $(this.wrapper).height();
        },
        setWrapperTranslate: function() {
            switch(this.animationSide) {
                case 'left':
                    translate = 'translateX(' + this.menuWidth() + 'px)'; break;
                case 'right':
                    translate = 'translateX(-' + this.menuWidth() + 'px)'; break;
                case 'top':
                    translate = 'translateY(' + this.wrapperHeight() + 'px)'; break;
                case 'bottom':
                    translate = 'translateY(-' + this.menuHeight() + 'px)'; break;
            }
            if(this.animationType == 'push') {
                $(this.pageWrapper).css({'transform':translate});
                $('html, body').css('overflow-x', 'hidden');
            }
            if(this.pushButton == 'on') {
                $('#responsive-menu-button').css({'transform':translate});
            }
        },
        clearWrapperTranslate: function() {
            var self = this;
            if(this.animationType == 'push') {
                $(this.pageWrapper).css({'transform':''});
                setTimeout(function() {
                    $('html, body').css('overflow-x', '');
                }, self.animationSpeed);
            }
            if(this.pushButton == 'on') {
                $('#responsive-menu-button').css({'transform':''});
            }
        },
        init: function() {
            var self = this;
            $(this.trigger).on(this.triggerTypes, function(e){
                e.stopPropagation();
                self.triggerMenu();
            });
            $(this.trigger).mouseup(function(){
                $(self.trigger).blur();
            });
            $('.responsive-menu-subarrow').on('click', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                e.stopPropagation();
                self.triggerSubArrow(this);
            });
            $(window).resize(function() {
                if($(window).width() > self.breakpoint) {
                    if(self.isOpen){
                        self.closeMenu();
                    }
                } else {
                    if($('.responsive-menu-open').length>0){
                        self.setWrapperTranslate();
                    }
                }
            });
            if(this.closeOnLinkClick == 'on') {
                $(this.linkElement).on('click', function(e) {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    /* Fix for when close menu on parent clicks is on */
                    if(self.itemTriggerSubMenu == 'on' && $(this).is('.responsive-menu-item-has-children > ' + self.linkElement)) {
                        return;
                    }
                    old_href = $(this).attr('href');
                    old_target = typeof $(this).attr('target') == 'undefined' ? '_self' : $(this).attr('target');
                    if(self.isOpen) {
                        if($(e.target).closest('.responsive-menu-subarrow').length) {
                            return;
                        }
                        self.closeMenu();
                        setTimeout(function() {
                            window.open(old_href, old_target);
                        }, self.animationSpeed);
                    }
                });
            }
            if(this.closeOnBodyClick == 'on') {
                $(document).on('click', 'body', function(e) {
                    if(self.isOpen) {
                        if($(e.target).closest('#responsive-menu-container').length || $(e.target).closest('#responsive-menu-button').length) {
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                    self.closeMenu();
                });
            }
            if(this.itemTriggerSubMenu == 'on') {
                $('.responsive-menu-item-has-children > ' + this.linkElement).on('click', function(e) {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    self.triggerSubArrow($(this).children('.responsive-menu-subarrow').first());
                });
            }

                        if (jQuery('#responsive-menu-button').css('display') != 'none') {
                $('#responsive-menu-button,#responsive-menu a.responsive-menu-item-link, #responsive-menu-wrapper input').focus( function() {
                    $(this).addClass('is-active');
                    $('html').addClass('responsive-menu-open');
                    $('#responsive-menu li').css({"opacity": "1", "margin-left": "0"});
                });

                $('#responsive-menu-button, a.responsive-menu-item-link,#responsive-menu-wrapper input').focusout( function() {
                    if ( $(this).last('#responsive-menu-button a.responsive-menu-item-link') ) {
                        $(this).removeClass('is-active');
                        $('html').removeClass('responsive-menu-open');
                    }
                });
            }

                        $('#responsive-menu a.responsive-menu-item-link').keydown(function(event) {
                console.log( event.keyCode );
                if ( [13,27,32,35,36,37,38,39,40].indexOf( event.keyCode) == -1) {
                    return;
                }
                var link = $(this);
                switch(event.keyCode) {
                    case 13:
                                                link.click();
                        break;
                    case 27:
                                                var dropdown = link.parent('li').parents('.responsive-menu-submenu');
                        if ( dropdown.length > 0 ) {
                            dropdown.hide();
                            dropdown.prev().focus();
                        }
                        break;

                    case 32:
                                                var dropdown = link.parent('li').find('.responsive-menu-submenu');
                        if ( dropdown.length > 0 ) {
                            dropdown.show();
                            dropdown.find('a, input, button, textarea').first().focus();
                        }
                        break;

                    case 35:
                                                var dropdown = link.parent('li').find('.responsive-menu-submenu');
                        if ( dropdown.length > 0 ) {
                            dropdown.hide();
                        }
                        $(this).parents('#responsive-menu').find('a.responsive-menu-item-link').filter(':visible').last().focus();
                        break;
                    case 36:
                                                var dropdown = link.parent('li').find('.responsive-menu-submenu');
                        if( dropdown.length > 0 ) {
                            dropdown.hide();
                        }
                        $(this).parents('#responsive-menu').find('a.responsive-menu-item-link').filter(':visible').first().focus();
                        break;
                    case 37:
                    case 38:
                        event.preventDefault();
                        event.stopPropagation();
                                                if ( link.parent('li').prevAll('li').filter(':visible').first().length == 0) {
                            link.parent('li').nextAll('li').filter(':visible').last().find('a').first().focus();
                        } else {
                            link.parent('li').prevAll('li').filter(':visible').first().find('a').first().focus();
                        }
                        break;
                    case 39:
                    case 40:
                        event.preventDefault();
                        event.stopPropagation();
                                                if( link.parent('li').nextAll('li').filter(':visible').first().length == 0) {
                            link.parent('li').prevAll('li').filter(':visible').last().find('a').first().focus();
                        } else {
                            link.parent('li').nextAll('li').filter(':visible').first().find('a').first().focus();
                        }
                        break;
                }
            });
        }
    };
    ResponsiveMenu.init();
});</script>
<!-- Styles cached and displayed inline for speed. Generated by http://stylesplugin.com -->
<style type="text/css" id="styles-plugin-css">

</style>
<noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript><style type="text/css">/** Mega Menu CSS: fs **/</style>
</head>

<body class="archive paged category category-economics category-7 paged-4 category-paged-4 tribe-no-js tribe-events-page-template tribe-events-filter-view tribe-filters-closed tribe-filters-vertical tribe-filters-live-update styles wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-6.8.0 vc_responsive responsive-menu-slide-left">


<div id="page" class="hfeed site">

	
	<!-- Check If Tophat Dropdown Is On -->
	 

		<!-- Start Tophat Dropdown -->
		<div class="super-container full-width" id="section-tophat-dropdown">
			<div class="th_slidingDiv" style="display: none;">
				<div class="container clearfix">
					<div class="one-third column">
						
		<div id="recent-posts-1" class="widget widget_recent_entries">
		<h3 class="widget-title">Latest News</h3>
		<ul>
											<li>
					<a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/unveiling-gender-inequalities/">Unveiling Gender Inequalities</a>
											<span class="post-date">March 8, 2024</span>
									</li>
											<li>
					<a href="https://www.lesechos.fr/tech-medias/medias/mesurer-le-pluralisme-a-la-tele-avec-lia-facile-a-condition-de-savoir-ce-que-lon-cherche-2080337#new_tab">Mesurer le pluralisme à la télé avec l&#8217;IA : facile, à condition de savoir ce que l&#8217;on cherche</a>
											<span class="post-date">March 7, 2024</span>
									</li>
											<li>
					<a href="https://aoc.media/analyse/2024/03/04/recit-ecologique-et-conditions-de-vie/#new_tab">Récit écologique et conditions de vie</a>
											<span class="post-date">March 6, 2024</span>
									</li>
											<li>
					<a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/crestive-minds-episode-4-samuel-coavoux-2/">CRESTive Minds &#8211; Épisode 4 &#8211; Samuel Coavoux</a>
											<span class="post-date">March 1, 2024</span>
									</li>
											<li>
					<a href="https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/tribunes/geopolitique/adaptation-climatique-pourquoi-a-t-on-besoin-dinvestissements-prives/#new_tab">Adaptation climatique : pourquoi a t-on besoin d’investissements privés ?</a>
											<span class="post-date">March 1, 2024</span>
									</li>
											<li>
					<a href="https://left.eu/events/transnational-forum-of-alternatives-to-uberisation-4/#new_tab">A panel organised and chaired by sociologist Paola Tubaro at the European Parliament in Brussels</a>
											<span class="post-date">February 28, 2024</span>
									</li>
											<li>
					<a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/le-cercle-des-economistes-une-interview-de-pauline-rossi-pour-le-podcast-generation-economie/">Le Cercle des Économistes : Une interview de Pauline Rossi pour le podcast Génération Économie.</a>
											<span class="post-date">February 28, 2024</span>
									</li>
											<li>
					<a href="https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/tribunes/planete/securite-de-leau-question-locale-a-impact-internationale/?utm_source=Polytechnique+Insights+%28fran%C3%A7ais%29&#038;utm_campaign=6ff51050b1-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2024_02_09_FR_COPY_01&#038;utm_medium=email&#038;utm_term=0_-bf0bd5a865-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D#new_tab">COP28  Sécurité de l’eau : question locale à impact international</a>
											<span class="post-date">February 21, 2024</span>
									</li>
					</ul>

		</div>						</div>
					<div class="one-third column">
												</div>
					<div class="one-third column">
						<div id="text-2" class="widget widget_text"><h3 class="widget-title">Announcements</h3>			<div class="textwidget"><p>We provide orientation programs to help students become a part of the campus community. Click here for <a href="#">more orientation details</a>.</p>

<p>
Financial Aid is available for all students enrolled in classes. Click here for <a href="#">financial aid information</a>. </p></div>
		</div>						</div>
					<div class="one-third column">
												</div>
		       	</div>
		    </div>
		</div>
		<!-- /End Tophat Dropdown -->

		
	<!-- /End Tophat Dropdown Check -->

	<!-- Get The Tophat -->
	<!-- Top Hat -->

	<!-- Start The Super-Header -->
	<div id="section-super-header" class="clearfix">
		<header id="section-header" class="clearfix" role="banner">
			<div class="container">
				<div class="sixteen columns">

					<!-- Site Header -->
					<div id="site-heading" class="five columns left text-left site-title alpha" role="heading">
						<a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/" title="Department of Economics | IP Paris" rel="home">
						<h1 class="site-title">						
								<img id="site-logo" class="left text-left" src="http://eco.crest.science/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Logo-IPParis-DepEco.png" alt="Department of Economics | IP Paris" />
		        						        		
			        	</h1>
			        	</a>
					</div>


					<!-- Menu -->
			  		<div id="section-navigation" class="clearfix" role="navigation">
						<div class="container">
							<div class="eleven columns omega right text-right">
								<nav id="site-navigation" class="" role="menu">
									<!-- DESKTOP MENU -->
<div id="superfish-menu" class="dropdown-menu">
		
	<!-- DEFAULT NAVIGATION -->
	<div style="float:left;">
	<ul id="menu-primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-13529" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13529"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/about/">About</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-15010" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15010"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/about/the-department/">Overview</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-15011" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15011"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/about/maps-directions/">Maps &#038; Directions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-13533" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13533"><a href="#">People</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-13525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13525"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/faculty/">Faculty</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-13526" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13526"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/faculty-emeritus/">Faculty Emeritus</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-13523" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13523"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/affiliated-members/">Affiliated Members</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-13528" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13528"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/support-staff/">Support Staff</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-13527" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13527"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/phd-students/">PhD Students</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-13534" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13534"><a href="#">Education</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-13532" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13532"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-13541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13541"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/graduate/">Graduate</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-13531" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13531"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/research/">Research</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-13911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13911"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-market/">Job Market</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-14978" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14978"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-market-candidates/">Job Market Candidates</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-14977" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14977"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-openings/">Job Openings</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-14976" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14976"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/cnrs-positions/">CNRS Positions</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-14975" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14975"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-placement/">Job Placement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-13524" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13524"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/dep-eco-events/">Events</a></li>
</ul>	</div>
	<!-- /DEFAULT NAVIGATION -->
	<div id="" style="float:right;">
		<form action="https://new.crest.science" class="responsive-menu-search-form" role="search">
			<input type="search" name="s" title="Search" tabindex="1" placeholder="Search" class="responsive-menu-search-box" size="13">
		</form>
	</div>		 
</div>
<!-- /DESKTOP MENU -->								</nav>
							</div>
						</div>
					</div>
					
				</div>
			</div>

			<!-- Super Header Background And Color Overlay -->
			<div class="stripe_color"></div>
			<div class="stripe_image"></div>
		</header><!-- #masthead -->

		<!-- Check If Device Is Mobile/Handheld: if it is, don't load sticky-nav -->
					<!-- Start Sticky Header -->
			
				<div id="section-sticky-header-background" class="scroll-dropdown-navigation clearfix"></div>
				<div id="section-sticky-header" class="scroll-dropdown-navigation clearfix">
					<div class="container">
						<div class="sixteen columns center center-text alpha omega">
							<div id="site-heading" class="left text-left site-title alpha" role="heading">
								<a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/" title="Department of Economics | IP Paris" rel="home">
								<h1 class="site-title">
											        		
					        	</h1>
					        	</a>
							</div>
							<nav id="site-navigation" class="" role="menu">
								<!-- DESKTOP STICKY HEADER MENU -->
<div id="sticky-superfish-menu" class="dropdown-menu">
		
	<!-- DEFAULT NAVIGATION -->
	<ul id="menu-primary-menu-1" class="menu text-center"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13529"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/about/">About</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15010"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/about/the-department/">Overview</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15011"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/about/maps-directions/">Maps &#038; Directions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13533"><a href="#">People</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13525"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/faculty/">Faculty</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13526"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/faculty-emeritus/">Faculty Emeritus</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13523"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/affiliated-members/">Affiliated Members</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13528"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/support-staff/">Support Staff</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13527"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/phd-students/">PhD Students</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13534"><a href="#">Education</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13532"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13541"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/graduate/">Graduate</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13531"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/research/">Research</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13911"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-market/">Job Market</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14978"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-market-candidates/">Job Market Candidates</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14977"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-openings/">Job Openings</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14976"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/cnrs-positions/">CNRS Positions</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14975"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/job-placement/">Job Placement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13524"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/dep-eco-events/">Events</a></li>
</ul>	<!-- /DEFAULT NAVIGATION -->
				 
</div>
<!-- /DESKTOP MENU -->							</nav>
			
						</div>
					</div>
				</div>

			 
			<!-- /End Sticky Header -->
				
	</div>
	<!-- /End The Super-Header -->

	<!-- Start The Content Section -->
	<div id="section-content" class="clearfix">
		<div class="container">
			<div class="sixteen columns">        

				<!-- Start Left Sidebars (left of the content area). The remaining options (right of the content area) are found in sidebar.php -->
								<!-- /End Left Sidebars -->

	<section id="primary" class="sixteen columns">
		<main id="main" class="site-main" role="main">

		
			<header class="page-header">
				<h1 class="entry-title">
					Economics				</h1>
								<hr class="title"/>
			</header><!-- .page-header -->

						
				
<article id="post-15169" class="post-15169 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-from_our_researchers category-palaiseau category-research">

	<header class="entry-header clearfix">		

						<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://cepr.org/publications/dp18596#new_tab">CEPR_DP18596 &#8220;Energy cost pass-through and the rise of inflation: Evidence from French manufacturing firms&#8221; by Raphaël Lafrogne-Joussier, Julien Martin, Isabelle Mejean.</a></h2>
					
        <hr class="title"/>

	</header><!-- .entry-header -->

	<!-- META -->
	
		<!-- Begin Post Meta Container -->
		<div class="entry-meta clearfix">

			
				<div class="theme_hook meta-string sixteen columns">
					<span class="format-icon"><i class="gen-enclosed foundicon-page" title="Standard Post"></i></span>
					
																<!-- hAtom Requirement - Author -->
						<span class="vcard author"><span class="fn"></span></span>
					
																<!-- hAtom Requirement - Date -->
						<span class="date updated"></span>
					
										
																							<div class="entry-meta-item four columns">
								<span class="bullet"><i aria-hidden="true" data-icon="&#xe611;"></i></span>	
								<span class=""><a href="https://cepr.org/publications/dp18596#new_tab#respond">Leave a comment</a></span>
							</div>
											
				</div>

						
		</div>

			<!-- /End Post Meta -->

	<!-- hAtom Checks -->
		<!-- /End hAtom Checks -->

			<div class="entry-content clearfix">
			<p>13 Nov 2023</p>

				
	<div class="after-content">
		
		
		
	</div>


</article><!-- #post-## -->
			
				
<article id="post-15151" class="post-15151 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-announcement category-news category-news_homepage category-research">

	<header class="entry-header clearfix">		

						<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/from-lab-desks-to-bookshelves-machine-learning-pour-leconometrie-authored-by-lab-alumni/">From Lab Desks to Bookshelves: &#8216;Machine Learning pour l&#8217;Économétrie&#8217; Authored by Lab Alumni</a></h2>
					
        <hr class="title"/>

	</header><!-- .entry-header -->

	<!-- META -->
	
		<!-- Begin Post Meta Container -->
		<div class="entry-meta clearfix">

											<div class="entry-media eleven columns">
					<a href="https://econ.ip-paris.fr/from-lab-desks-to-bookshelves-machine-learning-pour-leconometrie-authored-by-lab-alumni/">						<div class="entry-media-inner">
							<img class="theme_image" src="<error>
    <code>internal_server_error</code>
    <title><![CDATA[WordPress &amp;rsaquo; Error]]></title>
    <message><![CDATA[&lt;p&gt;There has been a critical error on this website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wordpress.org/support/article/faq-troubleshooting/&quot;&gt;Learn more about troubleshooting WordPress.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;]]></message>
    <data>
        <status>500</status>
    </data>
</error>
